Perspectives

Arboviruses and Their Vectors

Authors: Zachary J. Madewell, PhD, MPH

Abstract

Arthropod-transmitted viruses (arboviruses) pose important public health challenges worldwide, and continue to do so even while the world is contending with the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spread by contact with respiratory droplets from infected individuals. Arboviruses pose a different threat to humanity because of their efficient transmission by our formidable health adversary, the mosquito. There is no evidence that mosquitoes are vectors for SARS-CoV-2 or the two structurally related viruses causing SARS or Middle East respiratory syndrome. There are >500 recognized arboviruses worldwide, 150 of which are known to cause human disease.1
Posted in: Infectious Disease143

This content is limited to qualifying members.

Existing members, please login first

If you have an existing account please login now to access this article or view purchase options.

Purchase only this article ($25)

Create a free account, then purchase this article to download or access it online for 24 hours.

Purchase an SMJ online subscription ($75)

Create a free account, then purchase a subscription to get complete access to all articles for a full year.

Purchase a membership plan (fees vary)

Premium members can access all articles plus recieve many more benefits. View all membership plans and benefit packages.

References

1. Young PR. Arboviruses: a family on the move. In: Dengue and Zika: Control and Antiviral Treatment Strategies, Hilgenfeld R, Vasudevan S, eds. New York: Springer; 2018:1–10. 2. Franklinos LH, Jones KE, Redding DW, et al. The effect of global change on mosquito-borne disease. Lancet Infect Dis 2019;19:E302–E312. 3. Ratnarathon AC, Pongpirul K, Pongpirul WA, et al. Potential dual dengue and SARS-CoV-2 infection in Thailand: a case study. Heliyon 2020;6:e04175. 4. Hussain R, Al-Omar I, Memish ZA. The diagnostic challenge of pandemic H1N1 2009 virus in a dengue-endemic region: a case report of combined infection in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2012;5:199–202. 5. Westaway E, Brinton M, Gaidamovich SY, et al. Flaviviridae. Intervirology 1985;24:183–192. 6. World Health Organization. Dengue and severe dengue. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue. Accessed July 26, 2019. 7. Pan American Health Organization. Epidemiological update: dengue and other arboviruses. https://www.paho.org/en/documents/epidemiologicalupdate-dengue-and-other-arboviruses-10-june-2020. Published June 10, 2020. Accessed June 23, 2020. 8. Mustafa M, Rasotgi V, Jain S, et al. Discovery of fifth serotype of dengue virus (DENV-5): a new public health dilemma in dengue control. Med J Armed Forces India 2015;71:67–70. 9. Gubler DJ. Epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health, social and economic problem in the 21st century. Trends Microbiol 2002;10:100–103. 10. Sangkawibha N, Rojanasuphot S, Ahandrik S, et al. Risk factors in dengue shock syndrome: a prospective epidemiologic study in Rayong, Thailand: I. The 1980 outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 1984;120:653–669. 11. Martina BE, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD. Dengue virus pathogenesis: an integrated view. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22:564–581. 12. Gordon A, Gresh L, Ojeda S, et al. Prior dengue virus infection and risk of Zika: a pediatric cohort in Nicaragua. PLoS Med 2019;16:e1002726. 13. Izurieta RO, Macaluso M, Watts DM, et al. Anamnestic immune response to dengue and decreased severity of yellow fever. J Glob Infect Dis 2009;1:111–116. 14. World Health Organization. Chikungunya 2017. https://www.who.int/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/chikungunya. Accessed June 23, 2020. 15. Brasil P, Gabaglia CR. The story of chikungunya virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2019;19:702. 16. Weaver SC, Charlier C, Vasilakis N, et al. Zika, chikungunya, and other emerging vector-borne viral diseases. Annu Rev Med 2018;69:395–408. 17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chikungunya virus: information for health care providers. https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/hc/index.html. Accessed March 17, 2019. 18. Gutiérrez-Bugallo G, Piedra LA, Rodriguez M, et al. Vector-borne transmission and evolution of Zika virus. Nat Ecol Evol 2019;3:561–569. 19. Paixão ES, Teixeira MG, Rodrigues LC. Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases. BMJ Glob Health 2018;3(suppl 1):e000530. 20. Baud D, Gubler DJ, Schaub B, et al. An update on Zika virus infection. Lancet 2017;390:2099–2109. 21. Mitchell PK, Mier-y-Teran-Romero L, Biggerstaff BJ, et al. Reassessing serosurvey-based estimates of the symptomatic proportion of Zika virus infections. Am J Epidemiol 2018;188:206–213. 22. Musso D, Gubler DJ. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016;29:487–524. 23. World Health Organization. Zika virus: key facts 2018. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus. Published July 20, 2018. Accessed July 24, 2019. 24. Paz-Bailey G, Rosenberg ES, Doyle K, et al. Persistence of Zika virus in body fluids. N Engl J Med 2018;379:1234–1243. 25. Medina FA, Torres G, Acevedo J, et al. Duration of the presence of infectious Zika virus in semen and serum. J Infect Dis 2018;219:31–40. 26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mosquito life cycle: Aedes aegypti. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/factSheets/MosquitoLifecycleFINAL.pdf. Published July 20, 2018. Accessed October 3, 2018. 27. Day J. Mosquito oviposition behavior and vector control. Insects 2016;7:65. 28. World Health Organization. Comprehensive guideline for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204894. Accessed July 29, 2019. 29. Braack L, de Almeida APG, Cornel AJ, et al. Mosquito-borne arboviruses of African origin: review of key viruses and vectors. Parasit Vectors 2018;11:29. 30. Brady OJ, Johansson MA, Guerra CA, et al. Modelling adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus survival at different temperatures in laboratory and field settings. Parasit Vectors 2013;6:351. 31. Rückert C, Weger-Lucarelli J, Garcia-Luna SM, et al. Impact of simultaneous exposure to arboviruses on infection and transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Nat Commun 2017;8:15412. 32. Goindin D, Delannay C, Ramdini C, et al. Parity and longevity of Aedes aegypti according to temperatures in controlled conditions and consequences on dengue transmission risks. PLoS One 2015;10:e0135489. 33. Teurlai M, Menkes CE, Cavarero V, et al. Socio-economic and climate factors associated with dengue fever spatial heterogeneity: a worked example in New Caledonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0004211. 34. LaCon G, Morrison AC, Astete H, et al. Shifting patterns of Aedes aegypti fine scale spatial clustering in Iquitos, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e3038. 35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dengue and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/30Jan2012/aegyptifactsheet.pdf. Accessed October 4, 2018. 36. Barrera R, Amador M, Diaz A, et al. Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and its implications for dengue control. Med Vet Entomol 2008;22:62–69. 37. Abilio AP, Abudasse G, Kampango A, et al. Distribution and breeding sites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in 32 urban/peri-urban districts of Mozambique: implication for assessing the risk of arbovirus outbreaks. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018;12:e0006692. 38. Soghaier MA, Himatt S, Osman KE, et al. Cross-sectional community-based study of the socio-demographic factors associated with the prevalence of dengue in the eastern part of Sudan in 2011. BMC Public Health 2015;15:558. 39. Braga C, Luna CF, Martelli CM, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for dengue infection in socio-economically distinct areas of Recife, Brazil. Acta Trop 2010;113:234–240. 40. Juliano SA, Lounibos LP. Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. Ecol Lett 2005;8:558–574. 41. United Nations. The world population prospects: 2015 revision. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-2015- revision.html. Published July 29, 2015. Accessed August 3, 2020. 42. McMichael AJ, Woodruff RE, Hales S. Climate change and human health: present and future risks. Lancet 2006;367:859–869. 43. Messina JP, Brady OJ, Golding N, et al. The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue. Nat Microbiol 2019;4:1508–1515. 44. Focks DA, Brenner RJ, Hayes J, et al. Transmission thresholds for dengue in terms of Aedes aegypti pupae per person with discussion of their utility in source reduction efforts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000;62:11–18. 45. Ryan SJ, Carlson CJ, Mordecai EA, et al. Global expansion and redistribution of Aedes-borne virus transmission risk with climate change. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019;13:e0007213. 46. National Association of County and City Health Officials. Aedes aegypti and local vector control: mapping out a plan for Zika vector surveillance and control. http://essentialelements.naccho.org/archives/3405. Accessed July 30, 2019. 47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Potential range in US: estimated potential range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the United States, 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html. Accessed July 30, 2019. 48. Weetman D, Kamgang B, Badolo A, et al. Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes-borne arboviruses in Africa: current and future threats. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15:220. 49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dengue vaccine. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/prevention/dengue-vaccine.html. Accessed August 8, 2019. 50. World Health Organization. Neglected tropical diseases: integrated vector management (IVM). https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/vector_ecology/ivm_concept/en. Accessed December 9, 2019. 51. Achee NL, Gould F, Perkins TA, et al. A critical assessment of vector control for dengue prevention. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0003655. 52. Mains JW, Brelsfoard CL, Rose RI, et al. Female adult Aedes albopictus suppression by Wolbachia-infected male mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2016;6:33846. 53. Barrera R, Amador M, Acevedo V, et al. Use of the CDC autocidal gravid ovitrap to control and prevent outbreaks of Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae). J Med Entomol 2014;51:145–154. 54. Kandel Y, Vulcan J, Rodriguez SD, et al. Widespread insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti L. from New Mexico, USA. PloS One 2019;14:e0212693. 55. News CKOM. Regina reducing mosquito control program to save money. https://www.ckom.com/2020/04/26/regina-reducing-mosquito-controlprogram-to-save-money. Published April 26, 2020. Accessed April 29, 2020. 56. Jones TL. Coronavirus shuts down residential mosquito spraying for two weeks in East Baton Rouge. https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/coronavirus/article_794e4dba-7042-11ea-9b9a-dbda68edd5a1.html. Published March 27, 2020. Accessed April 29, 2020. 57. Ghosal A, Milko V. Coronavirus could erode global fight against other diseases. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/coronavirus-erodeglobal-fight-diseases-70176539. Published April 16, 2020. Accessed April 29, 2020. 58. Grenadier A. The impact of COVID-19 on local vector control response. https://www.naccho.org/blog/articles/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-localvector-control-response. Published May 4, 2020. Accessed June 23, 2020. 59. Acosta-Ampudia Y, Monsalve DM, Rodríguez Y, et al. Mayaro: an emerging viral threat? Emerg Microbes Infect 2018;7:163. 60. White SK, Lednicky JA, Okech BA, et al. Spondweni virus in field-caught Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, Haiti, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018;24:1765. 61. Jácome R, Carrasco-Hernández R, Campillo-Balderas JA, et al. A yellow flag on the horizon: the looming threat of yellow fever to North America. Int J Infect Dis 2019;87:143–150.