References
1. Myburgh JA, Mythen MG. Resuscitation fluids. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1243-1251.
2. Finfer S, Liu B, Taylor C, et al. Resuscitation fluid use in critically ill adults: an international cross-sectional study in 391 intensive care units. Crit Care 2010;14:R185.
3. Awad S, Allison SP, Lobo DN. The history of 0.9% saline. Clin Nutr 2008;27:179-188.
4. Yunos NM, Kim IB, Bellomo R, et al. The biochemical effects of restricting chloride-rich fluids in intensive care. Crit Care Med 2011;39:2419-2424.
5. Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, et al. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 2012;308:1566-1572.
6. Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Glassford N, et al. Chloride-liberal vs. chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration and acute kidney injury: an extended analysis. Intensive Care Med 2015;41:257-264.
7. Raghunathan K, Shaw A, Nathanson B, et al. Association between the choice of IV crystalloid and in-hospital mortality among critically ill adults with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2014;42:1585-1591.
8. Sen A, Keener CM, Sileanu FE, et al. Chloride content of fluids used for large-volume resuscitation is associated with reduced survival. Crit Care Med 2017;45:e146-e153.
9. Wilcox CS. Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride. J Clin Invest 1983;71:726-735.
10. Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, et al. Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit: the SPLIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;314:1701-1710.
11. Semler MW, Self WH, Wang L, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in the intensive care unit: study protocol for a cluster-randomized, multiple-crossover trial. Trials 2017;18:129.
12. Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in the intensive care unit. The SALT randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017;195:1362-1372.
13. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ 2009;339:b2700.
14. Taddio A, Pain T, Fassos FF, et al. Quality of nonstructured and structured abstracts of original research articles in the British Medical Journal, the Canadian Medical Association Journal and the Journal of the American Medical Association. CMAJ 1994;150:1611-1615.
15. Scherer RW, Langenberg P, von Elm E. Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;2:MR000005.
16. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924-926.
17. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.2.0.
https://training.cochrane.org/handbook. Updated June 2017. Accessed April 27, 2019.
18. Reddy SK, Bailey MJ, Beasley RW, et al. Effect of 0.9% saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 as crystalloid fluid therapy in the intensive care unit on blood product use and postoperative bleeding after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017;31:1630-1638.
19. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 2018;378:829-839.
20. Verma B, Luethi N, Cioccari L, et al. A multicentre randomised controlled pilot study of fluid resuscitation with saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 in critically ill patients. Crit Care Resusc 2016;18:205-212.
21. Waters JH, Gottlieb A, Schoenwald P, et al. Normal saline versus lactated Ringer’s solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an outcome study. Anesth Analg 2001;93:817.
22. Young JB, Utter GH, Schermer CR, et al. Saline versus Plasma-Lyte A in initial resuscitation of trauma patients: a randomized trial. Ann Surg 2014;259:255-262.
23. National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths. Extremes of age: the 1999 report of the National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths.
https://www.ncepod.org.uk/1999ea.html. Accessed April 27, 2019.
24. Mazer-Amirshahi M, Fox ER. Saline shortages-many causes, no simple solution. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1472-1474.
25. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med 2017;43:304-377.
27. Krajewski ML, Raghunathan K, Paluszkiewicz SM, et al. Meta-analysis of high- versus low-chloride content in perioperative and critical care fluid resuscitation. Br J Surg 2015;102:24-36.
28. Zampieri FG, Azevedo LCP, Corrສ TD, et al. Study protocol for the Balanced Solution versus Saline in Intensive Care Study (BaSICS): a factorial randomised trial. Crit Care Resusc 2017;19:175-182.
29. Hammond NE, Bellomo R, Gallagher M, et al. The Plasma-Lyte 148 v Saline (PLUS) study protocol: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial of the effect of intensive care fluid therapy on mortality. Crit Care Resusc 2017;19:239-246.
31. Torio CM, Andrews RM. National inpatient hospital costs: the most expensive condition by payer, 2011. Statistical brief #160.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK169005. Published August 2013. Accessed April 27, 2019.