References
1. Franklin RH, Taylor S. Nonspecific granulomatous (regional) esophagitis. J Thorac Surg 1950;19:292–297.
2. Dalziel TK. Chronic interstitial enteritis. Br Med J 1913;2:1068–1070.
3. Crohn BB, Ginzburg L, Oppenheimer GD. Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity. JAMA 1932;99:1323–1329.
4. Legge DA, Carlson HC, Judd ES. Roentgenologic features of regional enteritis of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1970;110:355–360.
5. Geboes K, Janssens J, Rutgeerts P, et al. Crohn’s disease of the esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986;8:31–37.
6. Lenaerts C, Roy CC, Vaillancourt M, et al. High incidence of upper gastrointestinal tract involvement in children with Crohn disease. Pediatrics 1989;83:777–781.
7. D’Haens G, Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, et al. The natural history of esophageal Crohn’s disease: three patterns of evolution. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:296–300.
8. Huchzermeyer H, Paul F, Seifert E, et al. Endoscopic results in five patients with Crohn’s disease of the esophagus. Endoscopy 1977;8: 75–81.
9. Naranjo-Rodriguez A, Solorzano-Peck G, Lopez-Rubio F, et al. Isolated oesophageal involvement of Crohn’s disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;15:1123–1126.
10. Gheorghe C, Aposteanu G, Popescu C, et al. Long esophageal stricture in Crohn’s disease: a case report. Hepatogastroenterology 1998;45:738–741.
11. Howden FM, Mills LR IV, Rubin JW. Crohn’s disease of the esophagus. Am Surg 1994;60:656–660.
12. Ghahremani GG, Gore RM, Breuer RI. Esophageal manifestations of Crohn’s disease. Gastrointest Radiol 1982;7:199–203.
13. Decker GA, Loftus EV Jr, Pasha TM, et al. Crohn’s disease of the esophagus: clinical features and outcomes. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001;7:113–119.
14. Degryse HR, De Schepper AM. Aphthoid esophageal ulcers in Crohn’s disease of ileum and colon. Gastrointest Radiol 1984;9:197–201.
15. Dancygier H, Frick B. Crohn’s disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy 1992;24:555–558.
16. Wagtmans MJ, Verspaget HW, Lamers CB, et al. Clinical aspects of Crohn’s disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract: a comparison with distal Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:1467–1471.
17. Rudolph I, Goldstein F, DiMarino AJ Jr. Crohn’s disease of the esophagus: three cases and a literature review. Can J Gastroenterol 2001;15:117–122.
18. Przemioslo RT, Mee AS. Omeprazole in possible esophageal Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1594–1595.
19. Beck PL, Lay TE, Blustein PK. Esophageal Crohn’s disease: treat the inflammation, not just the symptoms. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:837–838.
20. Beck PL, Blustein PK, Andersen MA. Aphthous esophageal ulceration: a novel presentation of Crohn’s disease? Can J Gastroenterol 1994;8:101–104.
21. Present DH, Korelitz BI, Wisch N, et al. Treatment of Crohn’s disease with 6-mercaptopurine. A long-term, randomized, double-blind study. N Engl J Med 1980;302:981–987.
22. Bouhnik Y, Lemann M, Mary JY, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with Crohn’s disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. Lancet 1996;347:215–219.
23. Vasiliauskas EA, Kam LY, Abreu-Martin MT. An open-label pilot study of low-dose thalidomide in chronically active, steroid-dependent Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1999;117:1278–1287.
24. Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJ, et al. A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease cA2 study group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1029–1035.
25. Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1398–1405.
26. Heller T, James SP, Drachenberg C, et al. Treatment of severe esophageal Crohn’s disease with infliximab. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1999;5:279–282.
27. Sou S, Matsui T, Yao T, et al. Clinical and endoscopic healing after infliximab treatment in patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Endosc 2006;18:29–33.
28. Dumon JF, Meric B, Sivak MV Jr. A new method of esophageal dilation using Savary-Gilliard bougies. Gastrointest Endosc 1985;31:379–382.
30. Evrard S, Le Moine O, Lazarki G, et al. Self-expanding plastic stents for benign esophageal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60:894–900.
31. Repici A, Conio M, De Angelis C, et al. Temporary placement of an expandable polyester silicone-covered stent for treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60:513–519.