References
1. Faulkner W. Requiem for a Nun. New York: Random House; 1951:92.
2. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med 1998;14:245–258.
3. Petruccelli K, Davis J, Berman T. Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl 2019;97:104127.
4. Ventres W, Kravitz JD, Dharamsi S. PEARLS+: connecting social forces, social determinants, and health outcomes. Acad Med 2018;93:143.
6. Mohatt NV, Thompson AB, Thai ND, et al. Historical trauma as public narrative: a conceptual review of how history impacts present-day health. Soc Sci Med 2014;106:128–136.
7. Dias BG, Maddox S, Klengel T, et al. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying learning and the inheritance of learned behaviors. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:96–107.
8. Lehrner A, Yehuda R. Cultural trauma and epigenetic inheritance. Dev Psychopathol 2018;30:1763–1777.
9. Conching AKS, Thayer Z. Biological pathways for historical trauma to affect health: a conceptual model focusing on epigenetic modifications. Soc Sci Med 2019;230:74–82.
10. Goodman R, West-Olatunji C. Transgenerational trauma and resilience: improving mental health counseling for survivors of Hurricane Katrina. J Mental Health Couns 2008;30:121–136.
11. Hirschberger G. Collective trauma and the social construction of meaning. Front Psychol 2018;9:1441.
12. Jones DS. The persistence of American Indian health disparities. Am J Public Health 2006;96:2122–2134.
13. Gone JP, Hartmann WE, Pomerville A, et al. The impact of historical trauma on health outcomes for indigenous populations in the USA and Canada: a systematic review. Am Psychol 2019;74:20–35.
14. Thomas SB, Casper E. The burdens of race and history on black people’s health 400 years after Jamestown. Am J Public Health 2019;109:1346–1347.
15. DeGury J. Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS): America’s Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing. Milwaukie, OR: Uptone Press; 2005.
16. Nagata DK, Kim JHJ, Wu K. The Japanese American wartime incarceration: examining the scope of racial trauma. Am Psychol 2019;74:36–48.
17. Krieger N, Chen JT, Coull BA, et al. Jim Crow and premature mortality among the US Black and White population, 1960–2009: an age-periodcohort analysis. Epidemiology 2014;25:494–504.
19. Makwana N. Disaster and its impact on mental health: a narrative review. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3090–3095.
20. Fortuna LR, Porche MV, Alegria M. Political violence, psychosocial trauma, and the context of mental health services use among immigrant Latinos in the United States. Ethn Health 2008;13:435–463.
22. Alexander M. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press; 2010.
23. Eades SJ. Reconciliation, social equity and indigenous health. Med J Aust 2000;172:468–469.
25. Kirmayer LJ, Gone JP, Moses J. Rethinking historical trauma. Transcult Psychiatry 2014;51:299–319.
26. Sotero M. A conceptual model of historical trauma: implications for public health research and practice. J Health Disparities Res Pract 2006;1:93–107.
28. Ford K, Hughes K, Hardcastle K, et al. The evidence base for routine enquiry into adverse childhood experiences: a scoping review. Child Abuse Negl 2019;91:131–146.
29. Gillespie RJ. Screening for adverse childhood experiences in pediatric primary care: pitfalls and possibilities. Pediatr Ann 2019;48:e257–e261.
30. Campbell TL. Screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACES) in primary care: a cautionary note. JAMA 2020;323:2379–2380.
32. Shen MJ, Peterson EB, Costas-Muñiz R, et al. The effects of race and racial concordance on patient-physician communication: a systematic review of the literature. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2018;5:117–140.
33. Ventres W, Haq C. Toward a cultural consciousness of self-in-relationship: from “us and them” to “we.” Fam Med 2014;46:691–695.
34. Ventres W, Dharamsi S, Ferrer R. From social determinants to social interdependency: theory, reflection, and engagement. Soc Med 2017;11: 84–89.
35. Krishnamurthy M. Political solidarity, justice, and public health. Public Health Ethics 2013;6:129–141.
36. Candib L. Working with suffering. Patient Educ Couns 2002;48:43–50.