References
1. Atwater, AE. Biomechanics and the female athlete, in Puhl J, Brown CH, Voy RO (eds): Sports Science Perspectives for Women. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Books, 1985, p 238.
2. Greydanus D, Patel D. The female athlete: before and beyond puberty. Pediatr Clin N Am2002;49:553–580.
3. Bonekat HW, Dombovy ML, Staats BA. Progesterone-induced changes in exercise performance and ventilatory response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987;19:118–123.
4. Dombovy ML, Bonekat HW, Williams TJ, et al. Exercise performance and ventilatory response in the menstrual cycle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987;19:111–117.
5. Frankovich RJ, Lebrun CM. The athletic woman: menstrual cycle, contraception, and performance.Clinics in Sports Medicine 2000;19:251–271.
6. Nicklas BJ, Hackney AC, Sharp RL. The menstrual cycle and exercise: performance, muscle glycogen and substrate responses. Int J Sports Med 1989;10:264–269.
7. Tarnopolsky LJ, MacDougal JD, Atkinson SA, et al. Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1990;68:302–308.
8. Cureton KJ, Collins MA, Hill DW, et al. Muscle hypertrophy in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988;20:338–344.
9. Williford HN, Scharff-Olson M, Blessing DL. Exercise prescription for women. Sports Med1993;15:299–311.
10. Agostini R, ed. The Athletic Woman. Clinics in Sports Medicine 13(2). Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1994.
11. Jurkowski JEH, Jones NL, Toews CJ, et al. Effects of menstrual cycle on blood lactate, O2 delivery, and performance during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1981;51:1493–1499.
12. Lebrun CM. Effect of the different phases of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on athletic performance. Sports Med 1993;16:400–430.
13. Artal R, Wiswell R, Romem Y, et al. Pulmonary responses to exercise in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;154:378–383.
14. Moore LG, McCullough RE, Weil JV. Increased HVR in pregnancy: relationship to hormonal and metabolic changes. J Appl Physiol 1987;62:158–163.
15. Schoene RB, Robertson HT, Pierson DJ, et al. Respiratory drives and exercise in menstrual cycles of athletic and nonathletic women. J Appl Physiol 1981;50:1300–1305.
16. Tan KS, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ. Modulation of airway reactivity and peak flow variability in asthmatics receiving the oral contraceptive pill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1273–1277.
17. DeBruyn-Prevost P, Masset PC, Sturbois X. Physiological response from 18–25 years women to aerobic and anaerobic physical fitness tests at different periods during the menstrual cycle. J Sports Med 1984;24:144–148.
18. Fomin SK, Pivovarova VI, Voronova VI. Changes in the special working capacity and mental stability of well-trained woman skiers at various phases of the biological cycle. Sports Training Med Rehab1989;1:89–92.
19. Gamberale F, Strindberg L, Wahlberg I. Female work capacity during the menstrual cycle: physiological and psychological reactions. Scand J Work Environ Health 1975;1:120–127.
20. Higgs SL, Robertson LA. Cyclic variations in perceived exertion and physical work capacity in females. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1981;6:191–196.
21. May JR, Sieb GE. Athletic injuries: psychosocial factors in the onset, sequelae, rehabilitation, and prevention, in May JR, Asken MJ (eds): Sport Psychology: The Psychological Health of the Athlete.New York, PMA, 1987, p 157.
22. Moller-Nielsen J, Hammar M. Women's soccer injuries in relation to the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989;21:126–129.
23. Posthuma BW, Bass MJ, Bull SB, et al. Detecting changes in functional ability in women with premenstrual syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:275–278.
24. Stephenson LA, Kolka MA, Wilkerson JE. Perceived exertion and anaerobic threshold during the menstrual cycle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982;14:218–222.
25. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text Revision, 4th edition. Washington D.C., APA, 2000, pp 583–595, 771–774.
26. Halbreich U, Tworek H. Altered serotonergic activity in women with dysphoric premenstrual syndromes. Int J Psych Med 1993;23:1–27.
28. Liu SH, Al-Shaikh RA, Panossian V, et al. Estrogen affects the cellular metabolism of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 1997;25:704–709.
29. Unemori E, Amento E. Relaxin modulates synthesis and secretion of procollagenase and collagenase by human dermal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1990;265:10681–10685.
30. Schauberger C, Rooney BL, Goldsmith L, et al. Peripheral joint laxity increases in pregnancy but does not correlate with serum relaxin levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:667–671.
31. Liu SH, Al-Shaikh RA, Panossian V, et al. Primary immunolocalization of estrogen and progesterone target cells in the human anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res 1996;14:526–533.
32. Ireland ML, Nattiv A (eds). The Female Athlete. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2002, pp 83, 137–138, 191–195, 249–270.
33. Laughlin GA, Yen SSC. Hypoleptinemia in women athletes: absence of a diurnal rhythm with amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:318–321.
34. Thong FSL, McLean C, Graham TE. Plasma leptin in female athletics: relationship with body fat, reproductive, nutritional and endocrine factors. J Appl Physiol 2000;88:2037–2044.
35. Otis CL. Exercise-associated amenorrhea. Clin Sports Med 1992;11:351.
36. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on sports medicine: amenorrhea in adolescent athletes. Pediatrics 1989;84:394–395.
37. Friedmann B, Weller B, Mairbaurl H, et al. Effects of iron repletion on blood volume and performance capacity in young athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:741–746.
39. Clapp JF. Exercise in pregnancy: good, bad, or indifferent? in Lee RV, Garner PR, Barron WM, et al (eds): Current Obstetric Medicine. Chicago, CV Mosby, 1993, pp 24–48.
40. Clapp J. The course and outcome of labor following endurance exercise during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1799–1805.
41. Kardel KR, Kase T. Training in pregnant women: effects on fetal development and birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:280–286.
42. Sternfeld B, Quesenberry JR, Eskenazi B, et al. Exercise during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:634–640.
43. Clapp J. A clinical approach to exercise during pregnancy. Clinics in Sports Medicine 1994;13:443–459.
44. Clapp JF, Little KD, Capeless EL. Fetal heart rate response to various intensities of recreational exercise during mid and late pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:198–206.
45. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Technical bulletin number 189: exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1994;45:65–70.
46. Jovanovic L. American Diabetes Association's fourth international workshop-conference on gestational diabetes mellitus: summary and discussion: therapeutic interventions. Diabetes Care1998;21(suppl 2):B131–B137.
47. Jovanovic-Peterson L, Durak EP, Peterson CM. Randomized trial of diet versus diet plus cardiovascular conditioning on glucose levels in gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol1989;161:415–419.
48. Bailey DM, Davies B, Budgett R, et al. Endurance training during a twin pregnancy in a marathon runner [letter]. Lancet 1998;351:1182.
49. Hale RW, Milne L. The elite athlete and exercise in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 1996;20:277–284.
50. Bennell K, White S, Crossley K. The oral contraceptive pill: a revolution for sportswomen? Br J Sports Med 1999;33:231–238.
51. Moller-Nielsen J, Hammar M. Sports injuries and oral contraceptive use: is there a relationship?Sports Medicine 1991;12:152–160.
52. Hartard M, Bottermann P, Bartenstein P, et al. Effects on bone mineral density of low-dosed oral contraceptives compared to management combined with physical activity. Contraception 1997;55:87–90.
53. Barrow GW, Saha S. Menstrual irregularity and stress fractures in collegiate female distance runners. Am J Sports Med 1988;16:209–216.
54. Hewett TE. Neuromuscular and hormonal factors associated with knee injuries in female athletes: strategies for intervention. Sports Med 2000;29:313–327.
55. Matava M, Holschen J, Odem R, et al. The influence of ovarian function on instrumented anterior knee laxity, in Program and Abstracts of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Arthroscopy Association of North America, April 13–16, 2000; Miami Beach, Florida.
56. Notelovitz M, Zauner C, McKenzie L, et al. The effect of low-dose contraceptives on cardiorespiratory function, coagulation, and lipids in exercising young women: a preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:591–598.
57. Bemben DA, Boileau RA, Bahr JM, et al. Effects of oral contraceptives on hormonal and metabolic responses during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:434–441.
58. Quadagno D, Faquin L, Lim G, et al. The menstrual cycle: does it affect athletic performance? Phys Sports Med 1991;19:121–124.
59. Cromer BA, Blair JM, Mahan JD, et al. A prospective comparison of bone density in adolescent girls receiving depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera), levonorgestrel (Norplant), or oral contraceptives. J Pediatr 1996;129:671–676.
60. Scholes D, LaCroix AZ, Oh SM, et al. Bone mineral density in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:233–238.
61. ACSM. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
62. World Health Organization Study Group. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. WHO Technical Report Series 1994;843:1–129.
63. Nelson-Steen S. AMSSM sports medicine tip sheet: sports nutrition essentials for the female athlete. Patient Education Handouts. Available at
www.amssm.org. Accessed July 1, 2003.
64. National Osteoporosis Foundation: The Physician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Washington, DC. Available at
www.nof.org/physguide/index.htm. Accessed July 1, 2003.
65. NIH consensus development panel on osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001;285:785–795.
66. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–333.
67. ACSM. The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis: call to action. Sports Medicine Bulletin 1992;27:4.
68. Golden NHA. Review of the female athlete triad. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2002;14:9–17.
69. Sundgot-Borgen J. Prevalence of eating disorders in elite female athletes. Int J Sport Nutr1993;3:29–40.
70. Palla B, Litt IF. Medical complications of eating disorders in adolescents. Pediatrics 1988;81:613.
71. Ratnasuriya RH, Eisler I, Szmukler GI, et al. Anorexia nervosa: outcome and prognostic factors after twenty years. Br J Psychiatry 1991;158:495–502.
72. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand on the female athletic triad. Med Sci Sports & Exercise 1997;29:i-ix.
73. Drinkwater BL, Bruemner B, Chesnut CH. Menstrual history as a determinant of current bone density in young athletes. JAMA 1990;263:545–548.
74. Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Bohr Y, et al. The eating attitudes test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine 1982;12:871–878.
75. Garner DM. Psychoeducational principles in treatment, in Garner DM, Garfinkel PE (eds):Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders. New York, Guilford Press, 1997, pp 175–177.
76. AAP. Committee on sports medicine: recommendations for participation in competitive sports.Pediatrics 1988;81:737–739.
77. Warren MP, Brooks-Gunn J, Hamilton LH, et al. Scoliosis and fractures in young ballet dancers: relation to delayed menarche and secondary amenorrhea. NEJM 1986;314:1348–1353.
78. Arendt E, Dick R. Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer: NCAA data and review of literature. Am J Sports Med 1995;23:694–701.
80. Chappell JD, Yu B, Kirkendall DT, et al. A comparison of knee kinetics between male and female recreational athletes in stop-jump tasks. Am J Sports Med 2002;30:261–267.
81. Ireland ML. The female ACL: why is it more prone to injury? Orthop Clin N Am 2002;33:637–651.
82. Moeller JL, Lamb MM. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: why are women more susceptible? Phys Sports Med 1997;25:31–54.
83. Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Boynton MD, et al. The effect of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injuries in women as determined by hormone levels. Am J Sports Med 2002;30:182–188.
84. Wojtys EM, Wylie BB, Huston LJ. The effects of muscle fatigue on neuromuscular function and anterior tibial translation in healthy knees. Am J Sports Med: 1996;24:615–621.
85. Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Schock HJ, et al. Gender differences in muscular protection of the knee in torsion in size-matched athletes. JBJS 2003;85-A(5):782–789.
86. Gray J, Taunton JE, McKenzie DC, et al. A survery of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in female basketball players. Int J Sports Med 1985;6:314–316.
87. Laprade R, Burnett Q. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med 1994;22:198–203.
88. Nicholas JA. Injuries to knee ligaments: relationship to looseness and tightness in football players.JAMA 1970;212:2236–2239.
89. Rozzi SL, Lephart SM, Gear WS, et al. Knee joint laxity and neuromuscular characteristics of male and female soccer and basketball players. Am J Sports Med 1999;27:312–319.
90. Myklebust G, Maehlum S, Holm I, et al. A prospective cohort study of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in elite Norwegian team handball. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998;8:149–153.
91. Griffis N, Verquist S, Yearout K. Injury prevention of the ACL, in Program and Abstracts of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Annual Meeting. Traverse City, Michigan, 1989.
92. Hewett TE, Lindenfeld TN, Riccobene JV, et al. The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes. Am J Sports Med 1999;27:699–705.
93. Huston LJ, Wojtys EM. Neuromuscular performance characteristics in elite female athletes. Am J Sports Med 1996;24:427–436.
94. Lephart SM, Ferris CM, Riemann BL, et al. Gender differences in strength and lower extremity kinematics during landing. Clin Orthop & Related Res 2002;401:162–169.
95. Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Taylor PD, et al. Neuromuscular adaptations in isokinetic, isotonic, and agility training programs. Am J Sports Med 1996;24:187–192.