Rapid Response

Cardiovascular Disease is an Independent Risk Factor for Chronic Kidney Disease

Authors: Ivan Monserrate, MD, Jan N. Basile, MD

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant problem in the United States, and its incidence is increasing at an alarming rate. Nearly 20 million Americans are affected by CKD and some 20 million more are at risk of developing it.1,2 While a diagnosis of CKD can be made by recognizing the presence of kidney damage for ≥3 months as defined by structural or functional abnormalities with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), most patients are found to have CKD because of a GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.1

This content is limited to qualifying members.

Existing members, please login first

If you have an existing account please login now to access this article or view purchase options.

Purchase only this article ($25)

Create a free account, then purchase this article to download or access it online for 24 hours.

Purchase an SMJ online subscription ($75)

Create a free account, then purchase a subscription to get complete access to all articles for a full year.

Purchase a membership plan (fees vary)

Premium members can access all articles plus recieve many more benefits. View all membership plans and benefit packages.

References

1. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:S1–S96.
 
2. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decrease kidney function in the adult US population: third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:1–12.
 
3. Wali RK, Henrich WL. Chronic kidney disease: a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Clin 2005;23:343–362.
 
4. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE, et al. Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: what do we know, what do we need to learn, where do we go from here? National Kidney Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:853–906.
 
5. Elsayed EF, Tighiouart H, Griffith J, et al. Cardiovascular disease and subsequent kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1130–1136.