References
1.Landefeld CS, Beyth RJ. Anticoagulation-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention. Am J Med 1993;95:315–327. This extremely detailed review outlines much of this group’s earlier work in predicting anticoagulant-related bleeding but also covers the full body of literature published before 1993. Includes an essential section reviewing the level and strength of evidence for various patient-specific risk factors.
2.Horton JD, Bushwick BM. Warfarin therapy: evolving strategies in anticoagulation. Am Fam Physician1999;59:635–646.
3.Ansell J, Hirsh J, Dalen J, et al. Managing oral anticoagulant therapy. Chest 2001;119:22S–38S.
4.Levine MN, Raskob G, Landefeld S, et al. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment.Chest 2001;119:108S–121S.
5.Hull R, Hirsh J, Jay R, et al. Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1676–1681.
6.Turpie AG, Gunstensen J, Hirsh J, et al. Randomized comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement. Lancet 1988;1:1242–1245.
7.Van der Meer FJ, Rosendaal FR, Vandebroucke JP, et al. Assessment of a bleeding risk index in two cohorts of patients treated with oral anticoagulants Thromb Haemost 1996;76:12–16. This study, conducted on the Leiden Thrombosis Service in 1988 and 1991, identified age and level of achieved INR as the two most important predictors of bleeding.
8.Panneerselvam S, Baglin C, Lefort W, Baglin T. Analysis of risk factors of over-anticoagulation in patients receiving long-term warfarin. Br J Haematol 1998;103:422–424.
9.Landefeld CS, Rosenblatt MW, Goldman L. Bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: relation to the prothrombin time and important remediable lesions. Am J Med 1989;87:153–159.
10.Landefeld CS, Goldman L. Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy. Am J Med 1989;87:144–152.
11.Wells PS, Holbrook AM, Crowther NR, Hirsh J. Interactions of warfarin with drugs and food. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:676–683.
12.Penning-van Beest FJ, Van Meegen E, Rosendaal FR, et al. Drug interactions as a cause of overanticoagulation on phenprocoumon or acenocoumarol predominantly concern antibacterial drugs.Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:451–457.
13.Yamreudeewong W, Lower DL, Kipatrick DM, et al. Effect of levofloxacin coadministration on the international normalized ratios during warfarin therapy. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:333–338.
14.Glasheen JJ, Fugit RV, Prochazka AV. Effect of levofloxacin coadministration on the international normalized ratios during warfarin therapy: a comment. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:1079–1080.
15.Beyth RJ, Quinn LM, Landefeld CS. Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin. Am J Med 1998;105:91–99.
16.Reference not provided.
17.Bussey HI. Managing excessive warfarin anticoagulation. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:460–462.
18.Reference not provided.
19.Hylek EM, Regan S, Go AS, et al. Clinical predictors of prolonged delay in return of the international normalized ratio to within the therapeutic range after excessive anticoagulation with warfarin. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:393–400.
20.Crowther MA, Donovan D, Harrison L, et al. Low-dose oral vitamin K reliably reverses over-anticoagulation due to warfarin. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:1116–1118.
21.Crowther MA, Douketis JD, Schnurr T, et al. Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:251–254.
22.Gage BF, Fihn SD, White RH. Management and dosing of warfarin therapy. Am J Med2000;109:481–488.
23.Glasheen JJ, Fugit RV. How Warfarin interacts with common anti biotics. Emerg Med 2004;36:30C–30I. A concise, informative review of this common drug-drug interaction.