Expired CME Article

Profound Hypothyroidism—A Clinical Review with Eight Recent Cases: Is It Right Before Our Eyes?

Authors: Michael W. Felz, MD, Amy C. Forren, DO

Abstract

Expired CME Article - Profound Hypothyroidism—A Clinical Review with Eight Recent Cases: Is It Right Before Our Eyes?

This content is limited to qualifying members.

Existing members, please login first

If you have an existing account please login now to access this article or view purchase options.

Purchase only this article ($25)

Create a free account, then purchase this article to download or access it online for 24 hours.

Purchase an SMJ online subscription ($75)

Create a free account, then purchase a subscription to get complete access to all articles for a full year.

Purchase a membership plan (fees vary)

Premium members can access all articles plus recieve many more benefits. View all membership plans and benefit packages.

References

1. Shapiro LE, Surks MI. Hypothyroidism, in Becker KL (ed):Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and metabolism. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2001, ed 3, 445–454.
 
2. Cooper DS. Subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 2001;345:260–265.
 
3. Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol 1977;7:481–493.
 
4. Vanderpump MPJ, Tunbridge WMG, French JM, et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty year follow up of the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol 1995;43:55–68.
 
5. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:526–534.
 
6. Nickerson JF, Hill SR Jr, McNeil JH. Fatal myxedema, with and without coma. Ann Intern Med1960;53:475–493.
 
7. Gull WW. On a cretinoid state supervening in women in adult life. Trans Clin Soc London1874;7:180–185.
 
8. Ord WM. On myxoedema, a term proposed to be applied to an essential condition in the cretinoid affection occasionally observed in middle aged women. Med Chir Trans 1878;61:57–78.
 
9. Ord WM. Report of a committee of the Clinical Society of London nominated December 14, 1883 to investigate the subject of myxoedema. Trans Clin Soc Lond 1888;298–300.
 
10. Rosenthal MJ, Hunt WC, Garry PJ, et al. Thyroid failure in the elderly: microsomal antibodies as discriminant for therapy. JAMA 1987;258:209–213.
 
11. Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2646–2655.
 
12. Staub JJ, Althaus BU, Engler H, et al. Spectrum of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism: effect on TSH, prolactin, and thyroid reserve, and metabolic impact on peripheral target tissues. Am J Med1992;92:631–641.
 
13. Wiersinga WM. Hypothyroidism and myxedema coma, in Degroot LJ, Jameson JL (eds):Endocrinology. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2001, ed 4, 1491–1506.
 
14. Chiu AC, Sherman SI. Clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis of hypothyroidism, in Falk SA (ed):Thyroid Disease: Endocrinology, Surgery, Nuclear Medicine, and Radiotherapy. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997, ed 2, pp. 379–391.
 
15. Heymann WR, Klein A, Ingbar DH, et al. Organ system manifestations of hypothyroidism, in: Braverman LE, Utiger RD [eds], The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2000, ed 8, 774–847.
 
16. Zulewski H, Muller B, Exer P, et al. Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1997;82:771–776.
 
17. Hueston WJ. Treatment of hypothyroidism. Am Fam Physician 2001;64:1717–1724.
 
18. Carpenter CCJ, Solomon N, Silverberg SG et al. Schmidt's syndrome (thyroid and adrenal insufficiency): a review of the literature and a report of fifteen new cases including ten instances of co-existent diabetes mellitus. Medicine 1964;43:153–180.
 
19. Graves L III, Klein RM, Walling AD. Addisonian crisis precipitated by thyroxine therapy: a complication of type 2 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. So Med J 2003;96:824–827.
 
20. Horak HA, Pourmand R. Endocrine myopathies. Neurol Clin 2000;18:203–213.
 
21. Muller AF, Drexhage HA, Berghout A. Postpartum thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroiditis in women of childbearing age: recent insights and consequences for antenatal and postnatal care. Endocrin Rev2001;22:605–630.
 
22. Laycock M, Pascuzzi R. The neuromuscular effects of hypothyroidism. Semin Neurol 1991;11:288–294.
 
23. Diekman T, Lansberg PJ, Kastelein JJP, et al. Prevalence and correction of hypothyroidism in a large cohort of patients referred for dyslipidemia. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1490–1495.
 
24. Rader DJ, Rosas S. Hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), in thyroid and renal diseases and posttransplantation. Med Clin N Am 2000;84:43–61.
 
25. Das KC, Mukherjee M, Sarkar TK, et al. Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin in hypo- and hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975;40:211–220.
 
26. Klein I. Clinical, metabolic, and organ-specific indices of thyroid function. Endocrin Metab Clinics2001;30:415–428.
 
27. Nicoloff JT, LoPresti JS. Myxedema coma: a form of decompensated hypothyroidism. Endocrin Metabol Clin N Am 1993;22:279–291.
 
28. Jordan RM. Myxedema coma: pathophysiology, therapy, and factors affecting prognosis. Med Clin N Am 1995;79:185–194.
 
29. Olsen CG. Myxedema coma in the elderly. J Am Bd Fam Pract 1995;8:376–382.
 
30. Wall CR. Myxedema coma: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2000;62:2485–2490.
 
31. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. Serum TSH, T4, and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:489–499.
 
32. Geelhoed GW. Metabolic maladaptation: individual and social consequences of medical intervention in correcting endemic hypothyroidism. Nutrition 1999;15:908–932.
 
33. DeGroot LJ, Larsen PR, Hennemann G. The Thyroid and Its Diseases. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1996, ed 6, p 347.