References
1. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-281.
3. Zehnder D, Bland R, Walker EA, et al. Expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:2465-2473.
4. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new perspectives on an old theme. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010;39:365-379.
5. Devgun MS, Paterson CR, Johnson BE, et al. Vitamin D nutrition in relation to season and occupation. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1501-1504.
6. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:18-28.
7. Prevention and management of osteoporosis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2003;921:1-164.
8. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:439-443.
9. Need AG, O'Loughlin PD, Morris HA, et al. Vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption in severe vitamin D deficiency. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:1859-1863.
10. Matsuoka LY, Ide L, Wortsman J, et al. Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:1165-1168.
11. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Henderson SL, et al. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3. Lancet 1982;1:74-76.
12. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(6 suppl):1678S-1688S.
13. Fiscella K, Franks P. Vitamin D, race, and cardiovascular mortality: findings from a national US sample. Ann Fam Med 2010;8:11-18.
14. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, et al. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:690-693.
15. Blum M, Dolnikowski G, Seyoum E, et al. Vitamin D(3) in fat tissue. Endocrine 2008;33:90-94.
16. Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone 2002;30:771-777.
17. Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, et al. in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med 1998;338:777-783.
18. Haney EM, Stadler D, Bliziotes MM. Vitamin D insufficiency in internal medicine residents. Calcif Tissue Int 2005;76:11-16.
19. Gordon CM, DePeter KC, Feldman HA, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:531-537.
20. Tangpricha V, Pearce EN, Chen TC, et al. insufficiency among free-living healthy young adults. Am J Med 2002;112:659-662.
21. Lowe NM, Mitra SR, Foster PC, et al. Vitamin D status and markers of bone turnover in Caucasian and South Asian postmenopausal women living in the UK. Br J Nutr 2010;103:1706-1710.
22. Seth A, Marwaha RK, Singla B, et al. Vitamin D nutritional status of exclusively breast fed infants and their mothers. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009;22:241-246.
23. Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988-1994 compared with 2000-2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1519-1527.
24. Stein EM, Yin MT, McMahon DJ, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected postmenopausal Hispanic and African-American women [published online ahead of print]. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:477-487.
25. Dawodu A, Wagner CL. Mother-child vitamin D deficiency: an international perspective. Arch Dis Child 2007;92:737-740.
26. Nesby-O'Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, et al. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:187-192.
27. Sabour H, Hossein-Nezhad A, Maghbooli Z, et al. Relationship between pregnancy outcomes and maternal vitamin D and calcium intake: a cross-sectional study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006;22:585-589.
28. Scholl TO, Chen X. Vitamin D intake during pregnancy: association with maternal characteristics and infant birth weight. Early Hum Dev 2009;85:231-234.
29. Baker AM, Haeri S, Camargo CA Jr, et al. A nested case-control study of midgestation vitamin D deficiency and risk of severe preeclampsia [published online ahead of print]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:5105-5109.
30. Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, et al. deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3517-3522.
31. Wagner CL. Paper presented at Pediatric Academic Societies meeting; Vancouver, Canada; May 1, 2010: A2630-A2637.
32. Narchi H, Kochiyil J, Zayed R, et al. J Obstet Gynaecol 2010;30:137-142.
33. Gartner LM, Greer FR; Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake. Pediatrics 2003;111(4 pt 1):908-910.
34. Clarke E. Whistler and Glisson on rickets. Bull Hist Med 1962;36:45-61.
35. Mellanby E. An experimental investigation of rickets. Lancet 1919;1:407-412.
36. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, et al. Effect of vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2004;291:1999-2006.
37. Tanaka H, Abe E, Miyaura C, et al. 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and a human myeloid leukaemia cell line (HL-60). Biochem J 1982;204:713-719.
38. Tsoukas CD, Provini DM, Manolagar SC. 1.25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3: a novel immunoregulatory hormone. Science 1984;14:423-430.