Abstract

Objectives: Concussions are one of the most frequent pediatric injuries, especially for high school athletes. Many of the psychological sequalae from concussions go unnoticed and undertreated particularly in the rural setting. There is limited research on optimizing recovery for these patients; however, newer studies are beginning to show the utilization of deep breathing exercises. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of self-administered relaxation techniques for postconcussive mood symptoms in an Appalachian population.

Methods: Patients’ charts (N = 308) from a rural specialty concussion clinic between September 2020 and May 2023 underwent a review. Eligible patients included those who completed the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Patient Health Questionnaire, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) during their initial intake visit. Patients who suffered from at least mild to moderate depression and/or anxiety were educated on self-administered relaxation techniques, which consisted of 15 minutes of deep breathing exercises to be performed nightly. Their mood symptoms were reassessed, after monitoring patient compliance with breathing exercises, via a 4-point Likert scale at their follow-up appointment (average 13.5 days). The data were grouped based on the patient’s compliance (good vs limited) with their respective score improvement and analyzed via paired t tests. Good compliance consisted of performing the breathing exercises “most of the time” and the limited compliance group performed exercises “some of the time, seldom, or rarely/none.” The second part of the analysis investigated if there were any significant difference in improvements between the good and limited compliance groups using unpaired t test statistics.

Results: The good compliance group experienced a significant improvement in Patient Health Questionnaire (7.11, P < 0.01), GAD (6.33, P < 0.01), and PCSS (24.33, P < 0.01) scores at follow-up. The limited compliance group only had a significant improvement in GAD (2.14, P = 0.025) and PCSS (29.77, P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in anxiety improvement between good and limited compliance groups by 4.19 points as assessed by the GAD scale (P < 0.01).

Conclusions: Self-administered deep breathing exercises are a cost-free, practical, and safe intervention that may benefit patients with persistent mood symptoms in the concussion rehabilitation process, particularly in resource scarce areas in Appalachia.