Sports-Injury Encephalopathy

Abstract
Article
Images
References
CME
Discuss
SDC

Abstract

Sports-related encephalopathies are a growing concern among athletes who have experienced head trauma. Anxiety is heightened for the public and especially among parents of children playing contact sports. The most common neuropsychological conditions are concussions and traumatic encephalopathies. Concussions result from brain traumas that can be asymptomatic, but more serious concussions can include loss of consciousness, neurological abnormalities, and/or posttraumatic amnesias. Repetitive concussions lead to persistent brain pathology, known as chronic traumatic encephalopathies. This gradually progressive neurodegenerative disease frequently presents with cognitive and neurological deficits, which can result in significant parkinsonian features and dementia. Imaging studies may be noncontributory; however, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional magnetic resonance imaging can detect changes indicative of these encephalopathies. Progressive neuronal degeneration with tau proteins are documented on pathological examination. Prevention, early diagnosis, and proper treatment are the recommended approach to these conditions.

Article

This content is limited to qualifying members.

Existing members, please login first.

If you have an existing account please login now to access this article or view your purchase options.

Purchase only this article ($15)

Create a free account, then purchase this article to download or access it online for 24 hours.

Purchase an SMJ online subscription ($75)

Create a free account, then purchase a subscription to get complete access to all articles for a full year.

Purchase a membership plan (fees vary)

Premium members can access all articles plus recieve many more benefits. View all membership plans and benefit packages.

Images:

This content is limited to qualifying members.

Existing members, please login first.

If you have an existing account please login now to access this article or view your purchase options.

Purchase only this article ($15)

Create a free account, then purchase this article to download or access it online for 24 hours.

Purchase an SMJ online subscription ($75)

Create a free account, then purchase a subscription to get complete access to all articles for a full year.

Purchase a membership plan (fees vary)

Premium members can access all articles plus recieve many more benefits. View all membership plans and benefit packages.

References:

1. Jordan BD. The clinical spectrum of sport-related traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:222-230.

2. Park A. The role of boxing in the death of Muhammad Ali remains unclear. Time 2016;187:12.

3. Mez J, Daneshvar DH, Kiernan PT, et al. Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football. JAMA 2017;318:360-370.

4. Chin LS, Toshkezi G, Cantu RC. Traumatic encephalopathy related to sports injury. US Neurol 2011;7:33-36.

5. Galgano MA, Cantu R, Chin LS. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: the impact on athletes. Cureus 2016;8:e532.

6. King D, Brughelli M, Hume P, et al. Assessment, management and knowledge of sport-related concussion: systematic review. Sports Med 2014;44:449-471.

7. Feden JP. Current concepts in sports-related concussion. RI Med J 2016;99:23-26.

8. Schallmo MS, Weiner JA, Hsu WK. Sport and sex-specific reporting trends in the epidemiology of concussions sustained by high school athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017;99:1314-1320.

9. Sarmiento K, Mitchko J, Klein C, et al. Evaluation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s concussion initiative for high school coaches: “Heads Up: Concussion in High School Sports.” J Sch Health 2010;80: 112-118.

10. Guay JL, Lebretore BM, Main JM, et al. The era of sport concussion: evolution of knowledge, practice, and the role of psychology. Am Psychol 2016;71:875-887.

11. Papa L, Ramia MM, Edwards D, et al. Systematic review of clinical studies examining biomarkers of brain injury in athletes after sports-related concussion. J Neurotrauma 2015;32:661-673.

12. Reams N, Eckner JT, Almeida AA, et al. A clinical approach to the diagnosis of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome: a review. JAMA Neurol 2016;73:743-749.

13. Gardner A, Iverson GL, McCrory P. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sport: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:84-90.

14. McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009;68:709-735.

15. Schmidt JD, Pierce AF, Guskiewicz KM, et al. Safe-play knowledge, aggression, and head-impact biomechanics in adolescent ice hockey players. J Athl Train 2016;51:366-372.

16. Hobbs JG, Young JS, Bailes JE. Sports-related concussions: diagnosis, complications, and current management strategies. Neurosurg Focus 2016;40:E5.

17. Cantu RC. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the National Football League. Neurosurgery 2007;61:223-225.

18. Willis MD, Robertson NP. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: identifying those at risk and understanding pathogenesis. J Neurol 2017;264:1298-1300.

19. Omalu B, Small GW, Bailes J, et al. Postmortem autopsy-confirmation of antemortem [F-18]FDDNP-PET scans in a football player with chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Neurosurgery 2017;82:237-246.

20. Emery CA, Black AM, Kolstad A, et al. What strategies can be used to effectively reduce the risk of concussion in sport? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:978-984.

21. Myer GD, Yuan W, Foss KD, et al. Analysis of head impact exposure and brain microstructure response in a season-long application of a jugular vein compression collar: a prospective, neuroimaging investigation in American football. Br J Sports Med 2016;50:1276-1285.

22. Hagel B, Meeuwisse W. Risk compensation: a “ effect” of sport injury prevention? Clin J Sports Med 2004;14:193-196.

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Returning to sports and activities. https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/basics/return_to_sports.html. Accessed March 21, 2019.

24. Guskiewicz KM, Weaver NL, Padua DA, et al. Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:643-650.

25. Petraglia AL, Maroon JC, Bailes JE. From the field of play to the field of combat: a review of the pharmacological management of concussion. Neurosurgery 2012;70:1520-1533.

26. Sweeney TE, Salles A, Harris OA, et al. Prediction of neurosurgical intervention after mild traumatic brain injury using the national trauma data bank. World J Emerg Surg 2015;10:23.

CME:

Portions of this issue may be available for CME credit. Please email [email protected] for a complete listing of current Southern Medical Journal activities, as well as other SMA educational offerings.

This content is limited to qualifying members.