References
1. A Gallup Survey on Heartburn Across America. Princeton, The Gallup Organization, Inc, 1988.
2. Dent J, Dodds WJ, Frieman RH, et al. Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in recumbent asymptomatic human subjects. J Clin Invest 1980;65:256–267.
3. Dodds WJ, Dent J, Hogan WJ, et al. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with reflux esophagitis. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1547–1552.
4. Barham CP, Gotley DC, Mills A, et al. Precipitating causes of acid reflux episodes in ambulant patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 1995;36:505–510.
5. Horowitz M, Su YG, Rayner CK, et al. Gastroparesis: prevalence, clinical significance and treatment.Can J Gastroenterol 2001;15:805–813.
6. Kahrilas PJ, Shi G, Manka M, et al. Increased frequency of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation induced by gastric distention in reflux patients with hiatal hernia. Gastroenterology2000;118:688–695.
7. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, et al. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999;340:825.
8. Morales CP, Souza RF, Spechler SJ. Hallmarks of cancer progression in Barrett oesophagus. Lancet2002;360:1587–1589.
9. Dulai GS, Guha S, Kahn KL, et al. Preoperative prevalence of Barrett esophagus in esophageal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review. Gastroenterology 2002;122:26–33.
10. Spechler SJ. Comparison of medical and surgical therapy for complicated gastroesophageal reflux disease in veterans: the Department of Veteran Affairs Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Study Group.N Engl J Med 1992;326:786–792.
11. Inadomi JM, Sampliner R, Lagergren J, et al. Screening and surveillance for Barrett esophagus in high risk groups: a cost-utility analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:176–186.
12. Gerson LB, Groeneveld PW, Triadafilopoulos G. Cost-effective model of endoscopic screening and surveillance in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:868–879.
13. Provenzale D, Schmitt C, Wong JB. Barrett esophagus: a new look at surveillance based on emerging estimates of cancer risk. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2043–2053.
14. Schnell TG, Sontag SJ, Chejfec G, et al. Long-term nonsurgical management of Barrett esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1607–1619.
15. El-Serag HB, Aguirre TV, Davis S, et al. Proton pump inhibitors are associated with reduced incidence of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1877–1883.
16. Hofstetter WL, Peters JH, DeMeester TR, et al. Long-term outcome of antireflux surgery in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Ann Surg 2001;234:532–538.
17. Spechler SJ, Lee E, Ahnen D, et al. Long-term outcome of medical and surgical therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:2331–2338.
18. Ye W, Chow WH, Lagergren J, et al. Risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and after antireflux surgery. Gastroenterology2001;121:1286–1293.
19. Corey KE, Schmitz SM, Shaheen NJ. Does a surgical antireflux procedure decrease the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett esophagus? A meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol2003;98:2390–2394.
20. van den, Boogart J, van Hillegersberg R, et al. Endoscopic ablation therapy for Barrett esophagus with high grade dysplasia: a review. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1153–1160.
21. Sampliner RE. Endoscopic ablative therapy for Barrett esophagus: current status. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59:66–69.
22. Van Laethem JL, Peny MO, Salmon I, et al. Intramucosal adenocarcinoma arising under squamous re-epithelialisation of Barrett esophagus. Gut 2000;46:574–577.
23. Numans ME, Lau J, de Wit NJ, et al. Short-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors as a test for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics. Ann Internal Med2004;140:518–527.
24. DeVault KR, Castell DO. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:190–200.
25. Sellar RJ, De Caestecker JS, Heading RC. Barium radiology: a sensitive test for gastro-esophageal reflux. Clin Radiol 1987;38:303–307.
26. Monnier P, Savary M. Contribution of endoscopy to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984;19(suppl 106):26.
27. Kahrilas PJ, Quigley EM. Clinical esophageal pH recording: a technical review for practice guideline development. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1982–1996.
28. Kahrilas PJ, Clouse RE, Hogan WJ. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the clinical use of esophageal manometry. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1865–1884.
29. Locke GR III, Talley NJ, Fett SL, et al. Risk factors associated with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Med 1999;106:642–649.
30. Chiba N, De Gara CJ, Wilkinson JM, et al. Speed of healing and symptom relief in grade II to IV gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1798–1810.
31. Freston JW. Omeprazole, hypergastrinemia, and gastric carcinoid tumors. Ann Intern Med1994;121:232–233.
32. Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Nelis F, Dent J, et al Long-term omeprazole treatment in resistant gastroesophageal reflux disease: efficacy, safety, and influence on gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology2000;118:661–669.
33. Serfaty-Lacrosniere C, Wood RJ, Voytke D, et al. Hypochlorhydria from short-term omeprazole treatment does inhibit intestinal absorption of calcium, phosphorous, magnesium or zinc from food in humans. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:364–368.
34. Marcuard SP, Albernaz L, Khazanie PG. Omeprazole therapy causes malabsorption of cyanocobalamin: vitamin B12 Ann Intern Med 1994;120:211–215.
35. Saltzman JR, Kemp JA, Golner BB, et al. Effect of hypochlorhydria due to omeprazole treatment or atrophic gastritis on protein-bound vitamin B12 absorption. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:584–591.
36. Saltzman JR, Kowdley KV, Pedrosa MC, et al. Bacterial overgrowth without clinical malabsorption in elderly hypochlorhydric subjects. Gastroenterology 1994;106:615–623.
37. Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MC, Hassing JR, et al. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA 2004;292:1955–1960.
38. Dial S, Delaney JAC, Barkun AN, et al. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease. JAMA 2005;294:2989–2995.
39. Inadomi JM, Jamal R, Murata GH, et al. Step-down management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2001;121:1095–1000.
40. Inadomi JM, McIntyre L, Bernard L, et al. Step-down from multiple- to single-dose proton pump inhibitors (PPI’s): a prospective study of patients with heartburn or acid regurgitation completely relieved with PPIs. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1940–1944.
41. Dent J, Yeomans ND, Mackinnon M, et al. Omeprazole versus ranitidine for prevention of relapse in reflux oesophagitis: a controlled double blind trial of their efficacy and safety. Gut 1994;35:590–598.
42. Vigneri S, Termini R, Leandro G, et al. A comparison of five maintenance therapies for reflux esophagitis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1106–1110.
43. Hetzel DJ, Dent J, Reed WD, et al. Healing and relapse of severe peptic esophagitis after treatment with omeprazole. Gastroenterology 1988;95:903–912.
44. Spechler SJ, Lee E, Ahnen D, et al. Long-term outcome of medical and surgical therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:2331–2338.
45. Corley DA, Katz P, Wo JM, Stefan A. Improvement of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms after radiofrequency energy: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2003;125:668–676.
46. Triadafilopoulos G, DiBaise JK, Nostrant TT, et al. The Stretta procedure for the treatment of GERD: 6 and 12 month follow-up of the US open label trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:149–156.
47. Liu JJ, Glickman JN, Carr-Locke DL, et al. gastroesophageal junction smooth muscle remodeling after endoluminal gastroplication. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1895–1901.
48. Filipi CJ, Lehman G, Rothstein RI, et al. Transoral endoscopic suturing for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:416–422.
49. Liu JJ, Carr-Locke DL, Osterman MT, et al. Endoscopic treatment for atypical manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:440–445.